园林实践与职业THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

2、Such as 和and so on 可以连用

For example指举一个例子； such as 举几个例子；like可以和such as互换。

The fourth form of landscape architecture is urban design. Although this may seem a recent activity on account of well publicized postwar urban renewal and the construction of new towns, it was, in fact, a central portion of the practices of Olmsted, Cleveland, and other pioneers of the profession. … Streets and malls, river front developments, government and commercial centers, rehabilitation of neighborhoods, and recycling of groups of industrial buildings may be classed as urban design projects. Complicated as they are, with multiple ownership, political, legal, and economic considerations, such projects are rarely in the hands of one planner or designer.

1、On account of 因为

2、Malls； shopping mall大型购物中心

Plaza 广场，停车场，购物中心

Piazza 广场

Bazaar 集市

3、river front development

滨水：

riparian河岸土地所有者

For hundreds of years the Snake River routinely overflowed its banks, creating a rich riparian environment.

（NATURAL SELECTION， Garden.Design.January.February.2006）

shore，bank， riverfront， riverside waterfeature

Brink边缘；rim:边缘，pacific rim环太平洋区；brim(杯, 碗等)边, 边缘, (河)边

4、rehabilitatation重新安置, habilitate, [美方]对(矿山)投资和提供设备，给...穿衣，使有能力提供周转资金, 予以穿着

使合格; 取得资格

There is clearly an interrelationship among these four types of landscape architecture: …

THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Before proceeding further with this theoretical framework it is perhaps useful to discuss earlier and other interpretations of the term landscape architecture. It is a difficult title, for the words seem to contradict one another: landscape and architecture, the one dynamic and ever changing, the other static and finite. Professionals frequently find it frustrating that their role in society has been consistently misunderstood. Landscape gardening is the usual interpretation, but the terms site planning, urban design, and environmental planning are frequently added to the names of landscape architectural firms as a means of expressing their broader concerns and capabilities.

1、precede领先(于), 在...之前, 先于- Precedent先例

Proceed继续

2、Contradict: 反驳don’t contradict.!不要反驳；

同……矛盾：Your actions contradict your principles.你的行为与你的道义相矛盾。

Contrary: 1\n. on the contrary

2\He passed the examination, contrary to what I expected.他考试及格了，和我预料的情况相反。

Paradox 悖论

Dispute 争论

3、finite ; infinite; definite. Definitely absolutely totally

4、Consistently:

Consist of: The school consist of one class.

Consist in: Happiness consist in contentment.

comprise= consist of = be composed of: A year comprise 12 months

= constitute: 12 months comprise a year.

Insist on 一件事

Persist in 持久。

5、capabilities

capable有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的That mob's capable of any crime.那个暴徒什么违法的事都会干得出来。

Capacity容量, 智能, 才能, 能力

Ability

able 一般指人,表示“现在实有做某事的能力”, 有时意味着“高超的能力或技艺”, 如:

a marvelously able author一位才华出众的作者。

capable 指人或物均可,表示有“潜在的或能达到一般要求的能力”, 如:

He is hardly capable of executing such a difficult task.他仅能勉强地完成这样艰巨的任务。

Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of New York City's Central Park, coined the term landscape architect in 1858. And in case any of us think it is a difficult name to live with we should know that he apparently chose it in preference to his alternative, "rural embellisher. " …In addition, he was active in the conservation movement and in 1865 was largely responsible for the first area of scenic landscape, Yosemite Valley in California, being set aside for public use and enjoyment. …His previous experience in farming and engineering, his ability in writing and management, and his romantic disposition fitted him for the role he adopted. …

1、Coin 铸造硬币，创造；杜撰新词。

Forge锻造。 Cast铸造。

伪造 forge, phony, counterfeit

2、Set aside for public use:拨付

Put aside 节省，如He has little money put aside for a rain day.

3、Disposition:

Dispose:布置，处理；disposition: 部署，性格；disposal: 清理（废品）。Disposable chopstick一次性的。Sewage disposal污水处理。

另外：despot专制，depot军火库

…In fact, the city planning profession emerged out of landscape architecture in 1907.

Merge 合并/emerge [i]出现/ immerge [i] 沉入

Immigration [i]外来移民，移民入境/emigration [e] n.移民出境, 侨居, [总称]移民

Thus from being responsible for some very large and important work in the nineteenth century, the landscape profession entered a somewhat less ambitious phase in the early 1900s with greater emphasis on large estates, gardens, and small scale site planning. …Since World War II , the work of landscape architects, often operating as members of a team, has changed to include the restoration of derelict land, regional landscape analysis and planning, urban design and site planning for housing, schools, and large scale industrial plants. These now form a major portion of the landscape architecture carried on in public agencies and private practice. In spite of this, the contribution of the landscape architect to the overall development and maintenance of a stimulating, agreeable, and viable environment may not appear to be very great. …

1、有点：something of ：He is something of artist.

somewhat: adv. He is somewhat lacking of in humor./

The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy.

somewhat of 有些：He is somewhat of an artist.

somehow :不知怎的，以某种方式

We must get the work finished somehow.

大约：

something like a hundred

The plane is shaped something like a bird.

They will reach in a matter of 5 minutes.

Some or so: It will be warmer in another month or so.

or something: He was looking me or something.

2、derelict land被抛弃了的

Relic遗物, 遗迹

relict[古]寡妇【古生】残遗体[种];【地质】残余

3、maintenance, maintain 维护。

Attain /obtain /retain / sustain /entertain 等

Sustainable development 可持续发展

Is sustainable attainable？可持续性是能达到的吗？

Much of the environment is ill-planned, inefficient, unattractive, and poorly managed. The landscape profession is small and perhaps overly protective of the field. …

Overly过度的

Overtly公开的

…

New words and phrases

	English for Landscape Architecture

	English for Landscape Architecture 第一课THE PRACTICE AND PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
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	词汇和语法注释： … the realm of landscape architecture has diversified and classified its activities in response to the needs of a changing world. 1、Diversify: diverse (adj.不同的)interest; biological diversity(多样性) … The result is a land use plan or policy recommending the distribution and type of development, for example, housing, industry, agriculture, highway alignment, and recreation within a framework of resource and amenity conservation. The study area ideally coincides with a natural physiographic region, such as the watershed of a major river or some other logical unit of land, but unfortunately these seldom coincide with county and state boundaries. 1、Amenity: amatory恋爱的amateur业余爱好者；amiable和蔼的；amity友好；amorous多情的Amor[eim-]丘比特；enemy 2、Conservation保护资源，conserve保存； reserve 保留，预定； preserve保护，储藏 3、Watershed: shed 棚屋，流下； shed blood 流血，屠杀 The second activity of landscape architects is site planning. Site planning: 修建性详细规划，《城市设计与修建性详细规划的探讨》，《城市建筑》2007年第2期，吁叫停别墅类 Third, there is detailed landscape design. This is the process through which specific quality is given to the diagrammatic spaces and areas of the site plan. It involves the selection of components, materials, and plants and their combination in three dimensions as solutions to limited and well-defined problems such as entrance, terrace, amphitheater, parking area, and so on. 1、关于图表 diagraph作图器 diagram 插图，图表 histogram〈统计〉直方图，矩形图 graph 曲线图bar graph柱状图 bar chart chart航海图 pie diagram；pie chart圆形图饼状图 plot阴谋，小块土地。标绘图；地区图。在方格纸上划线（或曲线） plot table测绘板；plot pen描图笔 plot plan(平面)布置图, 配置图 forest plot森林小区；plot sprayer试验田用喷雾机； plot seeder苗圃与试验地播种机 image；picture，icon偶像；idol偶像，邪神；doll Imagery:肖像，形象化的描述，比喻。 figure 插图 fig.3 illustration 插图，说明 schematic diagram 示意图 scheme: 计划，方案。color scheme 色彩搭配 schedule 时间表 illustrate-illustration; illusion幻想 allusion allude暗示 display, Simultaneous interpretation 2、Such as 和and so on 可以连用 For example指举一个例子； such as 举几个例子；like可以和such as互换。 The fourth form of landscape architecture is urban design. Although this may seem a recent activity on account of well publicized postwar urban renewal and the construction of new towns, it was, in fact, a central portion of the practices of Olmsted, Cleveland, and other pioneers of the profession. … Streets and malls, river front developments, government and commercial centers, rehabilitation of neighborhoods, and recycling of groups of industrial buildings may be classed as urban design projects. Complicated as they are, with multiple ownership, political, legal, and economic considerations, such projects are rarely in the hands of one planner or designer. 1、On account of 因为 2、Malls； shopping mall大型购物中心 Plaza 广场，停车场，购物中心 Piazza 广场 Bazaar 集市 3、river front development 滨水： riparian河岸土地所有者 For hundreds of years the Snake River routinely overflowed its banks, creating a rich riparian environment. （NATURAL SELECTION， Garden.Design.January.February.2006） shore，bank， riverfront， riverside waterfeature Brink边缘；rim:边缘，pacific rim环太平洋区；brim(杯, 碗等)边, 边缘, (河)边 4、rehabilitatation重新安置, habilitate, [美方]对(矿山)投资和提供设备，给...穿衣，使有能力提供周转资金, 予以穿着使合格; 取得资格 There is clearly an interrelationship among these four types of landscape architecture: … THE PROFESSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Before proceeding further with this theoretical framework it is perhaps useful to discuss earlier and other interpretations of the term landscape architecture. It is a difficult title, for the words seem to contradict one another: landscape and architecture, the one dynamic and ever changing, the other static and finite. Professionals frequently find it frustrating that their role in society has been consistently misunderstood. Landscape gardening is the usual interpretation, but the terms site planning, urban design, and environmental planning are frequently added to the names of landscape architectural firms as a means of expressing their broader concerns and capabilities. 1、precede领先(于), 在...之前, 先于- Precedent先例 Proceed继续 2、Contradict: 反驳don’t contradict.!不要反驳；同……矛盾：Your actions contradict your principles.你的行为与你的道义相矛盾。 Contrary: 1\n. on the contrary 2\He passed the examination, contrary to what I expected.他考试及格了，和我预料的情况相反。 Paradox 悖论 Dispute 争论 3、finite ; infinite; definite. Definitely absolutely totally 4、Consistently: Consist of: The school consist of one class. Consist in: Happiness consist in contentment. comprise= consist of = be composed of: A year comprise 12 months = constitute: 12 months comprise a year. Insist on 一件事 Persist in 持久。 5、capabilities capable有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的That mob's capable of any crime.那个暴徒什么违法的事都会干得出来。 Capacity容量, 智能, 才能, 能力 Ability able 一般指人,表示“现在实有做某事的能力”, 有时意味着“高超的能力或技艺”, 如: a marvelously able author一位才华出众的作者。 capable 指人或物均可,表示有“潜在的或能达到一般要求的能力”, 如: He is hardly capable of executing such a difficult task.他仅能勉强地完成这样艰巨的任务。 Frederick Law Olmsted, designer of New York City's Central Park, coined the term landscape architect in 1858. And in case any of us think it is a difficult name to live with we should know that he apparently chose it in preference to his alternative, "rural embellisher. " …In addition, he was active in the conservation movement and in 1865 was largely responsible for the first area of scenic landscape, Yosemite Valley in California, being set aside for public use and enjoyment. …His previous experience in farming and engineering, his ability in writing and management, and his romantic disposition fitted him for the role he adopted. … 1、Coin 铸造硬币，创造；杜撰新词。 Forge锻造。 Cast铸造。伪造 forge, phony, counterfeit 2、Set aside for public use:拨付 Put aside 节省，如He has little money put aside for a rain day. 3、Disposition: Dispose:布置，处理；disposition: 部署，性格；disposal: 清理（废品）。Disposable chopstick一次性的。Sewage disposal污水处理。另外：despot专制，depot军火库 …In fact, the city planning profession emerged out of landscape architecture in 1907. Merge 合并/emerge [i]出现/ immerge [i] 沉入 Immigration [i]外来移民，移民入境/emigration [e] n.移民出境, 侨居, [总称]移民 Thus from being responsible for some very large and important work in the nineteenth century, the landscape profession entered a somewhat less ambitious phase in the early 1900s with greater emphasis on large estates, gardens, and small scale site planning. …Since World War II , the work of landscape architects, often operating as members of a team, has changed to include the restoration of derelict land, regional landscape analysis and planning, urban design and site planning for housing, schools, and large scale industrial plants. These now form a major portion of the landscape architecture carried on in public agencies and private practice. In spite of this, the contribution of the landscape architect to the overall development and maintenance of a stimulating, agreeable, and viable environment may not appear to be very great. … 1、有点：something of ：He is something of artist. somewhat: adv. He is somewhat lacking of in humor./ The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. somewhat of 有些：He is somewhat of an artist. somehow :不知怎的，以某种方式 We must get the work finished somehow. 大约： something like a hundred The plane is shaped something like a bird. They will reach in a matter of 5 minutes. Some or so: It will be warmer in another month or so. or something: He was looking me or something. 2、derelict land被抛弃了的 Relic遗物, 遗迹 relict[古]寡妇【古生】残遗体[种];【地质】残余 3、maintenance, maintain 维护。 Attain /obtain /retain / sustain /entertain 等 Sustainable development 可持续发展 Is sustainable attainable？可持续性是能达到的吗？ Much of the environment is ill-planned, inefficient, unattractive, and poorly managed. The landscape profession is small and perhaps overly protective of the field. … Overly过度的 Overtly公开的 … New words and phrases Realm领域 Distribution分配 alignment 对齐，排列 amenity舒服 coincide一致，符合 physiographic地文学 watershed分水岭 county郡，县 evaluation评估 aesthetic美学 diagrammatic图表的 parcel小块（土地） sponsor主办 viability生存性，生活力 infrastructure基础设施 facilitate使容易，使便利 draft通风，气流，草稿 horticulture园艺 criteria标准 interpretation阐释 dynamic动态 coin硬币，创造，杜撰 embellish美化 prolific多产的 disposition气质 auspicious吉祥的，繁荣的 wax and wane盛衰 appreciable可估计的 demolish拆毁（建筑物） Key concepts Landscape architecture Landscape planning Landscape evaluation Site planning Landscape design Urban design Human behavior Conservation Movement 美国19世纪末期的自然资源保护运动（The Conservation movement） Scenic Landscape Landscape Profession Restoration of derelict land Regional landscape analysis and planning Visual quality 注：本资料主要学习材料为蔡君，张文英编著《高等学校专业英语系列教材（园林专业）》. 中国建筑工业出版社, 2005。此处引用的原文例句版权归原作者所有，仅供学习时参考。
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